The new policy on renewable energy has sparked debate. Supporters ,quite convincingly, argue that it will reduce carbon emissions significantly, citing studies showing a 30% decrease in emissions in similar initiatives. However, critics contend that the policy’s high costs outweigh its environmental benefits, pointing to the substantial budget increases required for implementation.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

Impressionism, emerging in late 19th-century France, challenged traditional artistic conventions. Artists like Monet and Renoir prioritized light and color over precise detail, capturing fleeting moments through loose brushwork. Critics initially derided their work as unfinished, but the Impressionists sought to reflect sensory experience rather than objective reality. Their exhibitions, independent of the conservative Salon, gained traction among progressive collectors. By the 1880s, Impressionism influenced a broader shift toward modern art, inspiring movements like Post-Impressionism. Unlike their predecessors, Impressionists often painted en plein air, embracing natural light’s variability. This approach required rapid execution, as changing light altered a scene’s mood. The movement’s emphasis on perception over permanence resonated with a society grappling with industrialization’s rapid changes. While some contemporaries viewed Impressionism as radical, its legacy endures in how we understand art’s role in capturing the ephemeral.
Word count: 150
Inference Question
Which of the following can be inferred about the Impressionists’ approach to painting, as described in the passage?